1. us in the early 60’s as

1.    Searching forAllies (1947-1953)Ø Foundations ofForeign Policy (Burma, France, US and Australia)Ø  Relations withIndia (the early yearsof independence were dominated by Pakistan’s problems with India on the onehand, and the efforts to introduce the new state to the world community on theother)Ø  Relations withAfghanistan (SovietUnion extended a similar support to Afghanistan in retaliation to Pakistan’sparticipation in US sponsored defence pacts).

Ø  SecurityImperatives (Thesecurity imperatives led the policy makers to pay special attention to thereorganization of the armed forces that Pakistan inherited after the divisionof the British Indian military). Ø  Relations withUSA and USSR (Pakistanstarted with and independent foreign policy and cultivated relations withUnited States, the Soviet Union, and China). Ø  Relation withMuslim Countries (Cordial relations with Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia)2.     Alignmentwith West (1953-1962)Ø Alignment withWest (US and SovietUnion)Ø  Mutual DefenceAssistance Agreement (Aformal Turkey-Pakistan Agreement was signed in April 1954, followed by a MutualDefence Assistance Agreement between the United States and Pakistan in May)Ø SEATO (In September 1954, Pakistan joinedthe South East Asia Treaty Organization or the Manila Pact). Ø  The BaghdadPact/CENTO (In September1955 Pakistan joined the Baghdad Pact)Ø  Defence andEconomic Assistance from the US (A bilateral agreement of Cooperation was signed betweenPakistan and the United States in 1959)Ø  Cost ofAlignment with the West (Thealignment with the West was not cost-free. Pakistan’s independent foreignpolicy was compromised and the prospects for improvement of its relations withthe Soviet Union suffered heavily)Ø  Relations withChina (Pakistanmaintained a safe distance from China and its policy on the seating of China inthe UN wavered).

3.     Transition(1962-1971)Ø  Rethinking aboutthe Alignment Policy (Pakistan’spolicy-makers began a review of their alignment with the US in the early 60’sas strains manifested in their relations. Ø  ImprovingRelations with the Soviet Union (Disappointed by the change in the US policy, the Pakistanileaders decided to review Pakistan’s alignment with the West. Ø ImprovingRelations with China (Pakistanrelations with China improved more rapidly during the same period). Ø  Diminishing Tieswith the US (The UnitedStates was unhappy over Pakistan’s efforts to improve its relations with theSoviet Union and China)Ø  PluralisticPerspective (Pakistan, thus moved away from the policy of alignment with the West to an independentand pluralist perspective on foreign relations).

Ø  Relations withIndia (Pakistan’srelations with India continued to be characterized by the conflicting nationalaspirations and mutual distrust). Ø  Crisis in EastPakistan an International Response. (The Soviets were disappointed by Pakistan’s response to theAsian Collective Security Plan which brought about a degree of restraint intheir interaction with Pakistan). 4.     Bilateralismand Nonalignment (1972-1979)Ø  Pak-IndiaRelations: towards improvement (The most perplexing problem faced by Pakistan during this period relatedto the issues and problems arising out of the period related to the issues andproblems arising out of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, resulting in the breakup ofEast Pakistan and its establishment as an independent state).  Ø  Strengthening ofTies with Major Powers (Pakistan’srelations with the major powers continued to be based on bilateralism andmutuality of interests).

Ø  NuclearTechnology and Relations with the US (Sharp difference arose between Pakistan and the US when in1976, Pakistan entered into an agreement with France to acquire a nuclearreprocessing plant). Ø  Pakistan and theMuslim World (Pakistanrelations with the Muslim states, particularly the states of the Middle East, touched new heights of cordiality and trust). 5.     Afghanistanand the Partnership with US (1980-90)Ø  Soviet Invasionof Afghanistan (TheSoviet military intervention in Afghanistan on December 27, 1979 was an eventof far-racing geo-political ramifications.)Ø  Revival ofPakistan-US Relations (TheAfghanistan war proved a turning point in Pakistan-US relations which movedfrom the lowest point of 1979 to close political).

Ø  Pakistan ChinaRelations (PakistanChina relations maintained their steady march towards greater cordiality and awide ranging cooperation in various fields)Ø Pakistan and theOIC (Pakistan maintainedcordial relations with the Muslim states which extended support at thebilateral level and through the OIC to Pakistan on the Afghanistan issue). Ø  Pakistan-India apolicy of Dialogues (PakistanIndia relations were marked by the simultaneous pursuance of positive andnegative interaction). Ø  The GenevaAccords on Afghanistan (Thesearch from a negotiated settlement of the Afghanistan crisis proved a longdrawn affair).

Ø  Post-withdrawalProblems (The postwithdrawal problems, especially an intra-Afghan settlement, haunted theinterested parties to the Afghanistan crisis)6.     Post-Cold WarEra and Pakistan’s Dilemmas (1990-2001)Ø  Another Drift inPak-US Relations (Pakistanfaced hard choices in the early 1992’s. The US was no longer willing tounderwrite Pakistan’s economic development and modernization of its militarybecause Pakistan had lost its strategic relevance for US)Ø Continuation ofthe Afghanistan Problem (TheAfghanistan problem continued to haunt Pakistan during these years).

Ø  Insurgence inKashmir (The outbreak ofinsurgency in Indian administered Kashmir in 1989 to the Kashmir Problem). Ø  Going Nuclear (The last major development in thisphase was the decision of India and Pakistan to become over nuclear powers). 7.     CounterTerrorism (2001-2004)Ø September 11 andFight Against Terrorism (The terrorist attacks in the US had such far reachingimplications for the international system that one can talk of internationalpolitics in terms of before and after the terrorist attacks)Ø Increased USSupport (The US reciprocated by withdrawing three categories of economicsanctions against Pakistan in 2001vand took steps to revive bilateral relationin various fields of mutual interest).

Ø Detente withIndia (Pakistan’s relations with India witnessed ups and downs against thebackdrop of the terrorist attacks in the US)Ø Pakistan’sRelations with China and Russia (Pakistan’s interaction with China expandedrapidly for Gawadar Port. Russian concern pertained to the reported linkagesbetween the dissident elements in Chechnya and the militant Islamic groupsbased in Pakistan and Afghanistan) Ø Muslim World andPakistan (Pakistan maintained cordial interaction with the Muslim states, especially those located in the Gulf region).