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Psychology modules 19-20

Learning is defined as ” the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring BLANK or BLANK.” Information; BehaviorsTwo forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates BLANK, and operant conditioning , in which the organism associates BLANK. two or more stimuli
reinforcement and punishment ONPSYCHOLOGY MODULES 19-20 SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowIn Pavlov’s experiments , the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) BLANK stimulus. conditionedDogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not a square. This process is an example of BLANK. DiscriminationAfter Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This shows BLANK. Generalization” Sex sells!” is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product. Think carls jr women paired with food makes some people want to buy the food. Neutral Stimulus (NS)In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. Unconditioned Response (UR)In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (like salivating) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). Unconditioned Stimulus (US)unconditioned stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an Unconditioned Stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response. Conditioned Response (CR)a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus in classical conditioning. Thorndike’s law of effect was a basis for BLANK work on operant conditioning and behavior control. Skinnner’sOne way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called BLANK. ShapingYour dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands and he stops. You think when he does it again that you will clap again so he stops. The end of barking for you was a BLANK. Negative reinforcementReinforcing an desired response only some of the times it occurs is called BLANK reinforcement. PartialA restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price , your fifth meal is free. This is an example of a BLANK schedule of reinforcement. Fixed-RatioThe partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a BLANKITY BLANK schedule. Variable-IntervalA medieval proverb notes that ” a burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a BLANK. PunishmentReinforcement
Positive
Negative+ is presenting positive stimuli, when presented after a behavior strengthens the response.
– when removed after response strengthens it. Primary reinforcerPrimary= satisfies biological needs (food)Conditioned reinforcerConditioned= gets power from association with primary reinforcer like money gets foodPunishmentAn event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows, but does not fully destroy it. Fixed-ratio scheduleReinforced response only after a specified NUMBER of the target behavior. Fixed-interval scheduleReinforced response after a specified TIME has elapsed. Variable-ration scheduleReinforced response after an unpredictable NUMBER of responses. Variable-interval schedulereinforced behavior at an unspecified TIME INTERVALS. Garcia and Koelling’s BLANK-BLANK studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS). Taste-AversionTaste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. What does this finding support? Natural selection favors traits that benefit survival. Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop BLANK BLANK. Cognitive MapRats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats who had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated BLANK BLANK. Latent LearningChildren learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called BLANK BLANK. Observational LearningAccording to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience BLANK reinforcement or BLANK punishment. Vicarious; VicariousParents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if BLANK. Their actions match their words. Some scientists believe that the brain has BLANK neurons that enable observation and imitation. MirrorMost experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence BLANK. Makes all viewers significantly more aggressive.

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