Subject: rizal 101 life and works of rizal

Subject: Rizal 101 — Life and Works of Rizal Topic: The World and The Philippines in Rizal’s Time Instructor: Mrs. Gemma B. Somera Reporters: Flordeliza Ancheta Elda Galleta Jenalyn Josue Julius Jaramilla Sally Jean Domenden Course/Year: BEED III THE WORLD AND THE PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S TIME 19th Century – Rizal was born and raised in a period of massive changes in Europe, Spain and the Philippines. – During this era, the glory and power of Spain had waned in both in her colonies and the world. – Social scientists marked this period as the birth of modern life as well as the birth of many nation states around the world. The birth of modernity was precipitated by three great revolutions around the world: the Industrial Revolution in England, the French Revolution and the American Revolution. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT ï‚— is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. The Philippines During Rizal’s Time ï‚— These are the relevant events and conditions of the Philippines before, during and after Rizal’s time which contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism. SOCIAL SYSTEM – Before the Spanish conquest in 1565, Filipino had their own indigenous culture, government and religion. – The Spanish colonizers forced them to accept foreign culture and Catholicism. – Filipinos lost their ancestral lands to the colonial masters by way of the encomienda system. “ Limpieza de Sangre” ï‚— A doctrine that means Purity of Blood which were brought by the Spaniards into the Philippines, thereby creating a social ranking among various groups, namely: Spanish peninsulares, insulares, Spanish mestizos, the town ruling class, the native elites, the Chinese mestizos and the indios referring to the natives. POLITICAL SYSTEM – Spain governed the Philippines through the Ministry of the Colonies (Ministro de Ultramar) based in Madrid. – The Governor-general headed the central government who was appointed by the King of Spain. He was the King’s representative in governmental matters and was the Alcaldia or provincial government who was headed by an alcalde mayor. – The pueblo, composed of the barangays was the local government unit. – The gobernadorcillo was the chief executive and chief judge. – The smallest political unit was the barangay (barrio) headed by a cabeza de barangay. – The guardia civil was a corps of native police led by Spanish officers. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM – The first schools established were parochial schools with the Spanish missionaries as teachers. Fear of God was emphasized and obedience to the friars was instilled in the minds of the people. Teacher discrimination against Filipinos was present in the higher levels of learning. Educational Decree of 1863 The majority of the friars assigned to implement this decree were against the teaching of Spanish in the colony. FRAILROCRACIA – Meaning “ Rule of the Friars”. – An invincible government spawned in the colony which was practiced by almost absolute monarchial states. 1849-1898 – 45 governor-generals had been assigned to the colony and each one of them sought the counsel of the friars. OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO WORLD COMMERCE – In 1834, Spain, following the economic policy of other European countries, officially opened Manila to world commerce. 1834 to 1873 – more ports were opened to foreign trading like Sual, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Cebu and Legazpi. This stimulated vigorous economic activity in the colony that brought prosperity to some Filipinos and as a result, there emerged a new class: the Filipino middle class. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL November 17, 1869 – Suez Canal was opened to international shipping. – 103 miles long connecting the Mediterranean to the Gulf of Suez and also to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. With the opening of the Suez Canal: ï‚— The distance of travel between Europe and Philippines was shortened. ï‚— It facilitated the importation of books, magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America. ï‚— It encouraged more Spaniards and Europeans with liberal ideas to come to the Philippines and interact with Filipino reformists. ï‚— It also encouraged the illustrados led by Rizal to pursue higher studies abroad. THE SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT – Since 1565, the religious orders took possession of the parishes for conversion of the natives to Catholicism. This was a violation of the decision of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). – By the 19th century, many Filipinos had become secular priests, but the regular priests called friar curates did not want to relinquish their parishes to the seculars. The movement gradually became a racial and national conflict with the friar curates on one side and Filipino clergy on the other. THE DEMOCRATIC RULE OF GOV. GEN. DELA TORRE – The first-hand experience of what it is to be liberal came from the role modeling of the first liberal governor general in the Philippines– Governor General Carlos Maria Dela Torre. The political instability in Spain had caused frequent changes of Spanish officials in the Philippines which caused further confusion and increased social as well as political discontent in the country. But when the liberals deposed Queen Isabela II in 1868 mutiny, a provisional government was set up and the new government extended to the colonies. – General Carlos Ma. Dela Torre was appointed by the provisional government in Spain as Governor General of the Philippines in 1869. – The rule of the first liberal governor general in the person of General de la Torre became significant in the birth of national consciousness in the 19th century. De la Torre’s liberal and pro-people governance had given Rizal and the Filipinos during this period a foretaste of a democratic rule and way of life. – During his two-year term, Governor De la Torre had many significant achievements. He recognized the freedom of speech and of the press, which were guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. Because of his tolerant policy, Father Jose Burgos and other Filipino priests were encouraged to pursue their dream of replacing the friars with the Filipino clergy as parish priests in the country. Governor De la Torre’s greatest achievement was the peaceful solution to the land problem in Cavite. THE CAVITE MUTINY AND THE MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA – Two historical events in the late 19th century : – The Cavite Mutiny – The martyrdom of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora or popularly known as GOMBURZA. Cavite Mutiny -is a failed uprising against the Spaniards due to miscommunication. Martyrdom of GOMBURZA – This unfortunate incidence in Cavite became an opportunity for the Spaniards to implicate the three Filipino priests who had been campaigning for Filipino rights, particularly the right of Filipino priests to become parish priests or “ Filipinization” of the parishes in the country. – Governor Izquierdo approved their death sentence and at sunrise of February 17, 1872. DISCONTENT WITH SPANISH INSTITUTIONS – Spain introduced into the country mechanisms or institutions to enable the colonial government in the country to comply with its obligations of supporting the Church’s mission of Christianizing the natives and to contribute to the Spanish King’s economic welfare. These institutions include the encomienda, the polo or forced labor and the tributo or tribute. UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE – During the Spanish period, there was a union of Church and State. The Catholic religion became the State religion. Under the arrangements between the Pope and the Spanish King called the Patronato Real de las Indias, civil and Church authorities must coordinate to Christianize the natives in the colony. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION – is a form of social exclusion where people are prevented from having access to public goods by virtue of their physical traits. It is an abusive behavior of one race against another. In colonization, the white colonizers who are Caucasians often down on their colonized people or natives as inferior by virtue of their skin, height, nose, or physical traits. – In the Philippines, the Spanish authorities regarded the brown Filipino as an inferior people and derisively called them “ Indios” or Indians. – To prove that natives were not inferior people, some talented and intelligent Filipinos excelled in their chosen fields. – Juan Luna excelled in painting. – Fr. Jose Burgos in Theology and Canon Law. – Jose Rizal, by surpassing the Spanish writers in literary contests and winning fame as a physician, man-of-letters, scholar, and a scientist, proved that a brown man could be as great or even greater than a white man.