Unit 1

Unit 1 Colonial descriptions: * Virginia (1607) * Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America. It was founded by John Smith and was populated mostly by English males. * They were granted a charter from the king to establish a colony. They were to have a monopoly over the trade and colonization of that area. * These men that settled in Jamestown were mostly looking for economic opportunities (trade goods, own land, etc.) * John Rolfe helped to temprarily prevent further conflict with the Native Americans. Rolfe also began the cultivation of tobacco (agricuture soon became their main business). His system of cultivation made tobacco the main cash crop of Virginia. The demand for tobacco in England guaranteed Virgina’s economic success. * Because of tobacco becoming a cash crop for the Virginian settlers, workers were needed to harvest the tobacco crop. As a result, indentured servants and African slaves began arriving in Virginia. * The settlers were predominantly Anglican. (mostly loyalists) * Plymouth (1620) * Plymouth was founded by the Puritan pilgrims who were seeking religious freedom from the Anglican Church of England. * Although trying to avoid the national Church of England, they associated their religion with the colony and its rules. Church and state were not separate entities; they were one in the same. * New Netherland (1624) * New Netherland, a Dutch colony, was also founded by a joint-stock company. The governer of this colony was Peter Minuit. * The purpose of founding this colony was economic. The Dutch wanted the settlers to compete with the French in the fur trade and to ship raw materials to the mother country. * Holland was a rich country, however. Many people were discouraged to move to the New World. As a result, many of the settlers in this colony weren’t even Dutch. * Multiple languages were spoken and various religions were practiced in this colony. The people in New Netherland were very diverse. * Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629) * The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by the Puritans. These Puritans were also searching for an escape from the Anglican Church of England. What they longed for was religious freedom. * Many families and educated people traveled to the Massachussetts Bay Colony. * Because church and state were one in both England and the Massachusetts Bay Colony, these settlers were not loyal to the English crown at all. * They were better off economically than Jamestown. Even though the soil was very rocky and not good for farming, they did a lot of fishing and whaling to boost their economy. No slave labor was required. * Providence, Rhode Island (1636) * Roger Williams was asked to leave Massachusetts, so he settled in Providence, Rhode Island. * Pennysylvania (1681) * Pennysylvania was founded by William Penn. French and Indian War * It was also called the Seven Years’ War * In this war, the British and the French fought for the right to expand their empire into the Americas * Colonists and Native Americans fought on both sides, and the war eventually spread to Europe and elsewhere. * The English emerged victorious, and in the end received all of French Canada Ohio River Valley * Fur and a very strategic location to set up military forts * Right next to the Great Lakes * Critical area into which the westward- pushing British colonists would inevitably penetrate * For France is was the key to the continent that the French had to retain, particularly if they were going to their Canada holdings with those of the lower Mississippi Valley Proclamation of 1763 * Prohibits colonists from going west of Appalachians * To prevent wars with natives * Temporary * Colonists refused to follow orders and continued expanding west * They saw it as the British trying to control the colonists Unit 2 Sugar Act (1764) * French and Indian War caused a foreign debt for England–they need to raise money * Solution: tax the colonies * Raised the tax on sugar * “ Taxation without representation”–they had no one to represent them in Parliament * Felt they shouldn’t have to pay for it Stamp Act (1765) * An official seal was required on every document (contracts, marriage liscences, newspapers, etc.) to make the document valid * Police force was sent to make they payed taxes * Colonists reacted with petitions, boycott, and violence * Stamp Act Congress: 1st attempt of colonial unity (9 of 13 colonies) * Send the Stamp Act Resolves- claims loyalty to crown but wants the act repealed * Sons and Daughters of Liberty: (led by Sam Adams) demand boycott of stamps and documents * Offenders were tarred and feathered Quartering Act (1765) * Forced to provide food and shelter to house British soldiers * Colonists begin to question British motives: why are the soldiers really there? CONTROL refuse to abide by law Declatory Act (1766) * Retaining principle of British supremacy over the colonies * Colonists were too busy celebrating the repeal of the Stamp Act that they ignored the Declatory Act Townshend Acts (1767) * Charles Townshend passed the Townshend Acts * Tax on paper, paint, tea, glass (British goods) * The money is used to pay British officials rather than the national debt * Colonists don’t want to pay * Boycotts- New York Legislative suspend because of failing to comply to Quartering Act * British refer back to the Declatory Act and say that they have the right to collect taxes from the colonists * Boston Massacre- not really a massacre * “ Trash talk” gets out of hand shots fired (11 colonists killed or wounded) * Helped propaganda (Sam Adams) * Get public opinion on colonists’ side–committee of correspondance * Soldiers that were involved in Boston Massacre were tried and not charged with anything * Sent 4000 troops (Boston— revolt center) to stop smuggling (John Hancock), to enforce acts, and to gain control Tea Act (1773) * Townshend Acts are repealed except for the tax on tea * The company was going broke so the Tea Act was to help get them out of bankruptcy * Colonists weren’t buying the tea (pride) * Tried to lower the price (so that it’s lower than the smuggling price) * Colonists still did not buy the tea–matter of principle * Boston Tea Party- Sam Adams and other colonists dump British tea into the Boston Harbor * The protest spreads throughout the colonies * Maryland burns British tea ships Boston Tea Party (1773) * Colonists in Boston led by Sam Adams dumped British tea into the Boston Harbor in the middle of the night dressed as Native Americans. * Soon, the rebellion spread to some of the other colonies. * Even Maryland began to burn British tea ships. Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774) * Response to the Boston Tea Party * Colonists called them the “ Intolerable Acts” or “ Massacre of American Independence” because it took away their freedoms and rights * To punish Boston, the Boston Harbor was closed and the colonists there had to pay for the damages and dumped tea * Boston was also held under martial law nothing could go in or out * Other colonies began sending supplies and food to Boston as a sign of mourning and respect 1st Continental Congress (1774) * 3rd attempt at colonial unity (all colonies except Georgia) * Declaration of Rights: declare their rights as colonists and as Englishmen to the crown 2nd Continental Congress (May 1775) * This was the unlawful assembly of traders of the crown * Still boycotting * The colonists make a last effort to settle their grievances wih the British–Olive Branch Petition * As they wait for a response, they prepare for battle just in case * Form of colonial self-government Bunker Hill (June 1775) * This was the British battle with the colonists to keep control of the city of Boston. * The Americans were trying to free Boston of British control. * The colonists almost defeated the British, but they ran out of gun powder. * The British lose half of their forces in this costly battle. * This turns out to be a morale victory for the American colonists because they knew that they were capable of defeating the British. Common Sense (1775) * Response to Lexington and Concord * Best-selling pamphlet written by Thomas Paine * It stated that independence was the only option. * It also mentioned how a little island shouldn’t be controlling this big continent, how the distance was between them was so great, how they were self-sustaining anyway, and how the British were not on the side of the colonists–they were willing to kill the colonists if they had to. Declaration of Independence (1776) * First draft weritten by Thomas Jefferson * Best political propaganda out there * All men are created equal & have unalienable rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) * Government gets power from the people if the government violated these rights then the colonists have the right to overthrow them * List of grievances the colonists have against England basically saying that the English had mistreated them and that they deserved independence Saratoga (October 1777) * The British decided on a strategy to strike a decisive blow against the colonists. * The British effort is called a blunder because of the poor execution of military plans that might have been effective. * Burgoyne was forced to surrender at Saratoga. * “ Beginning of the end” for Great Britain * The colonial victory convinced the French to send troops to aid the war effort. Valley Forge (1777-1778) * Despite their victory in Saratoge, the winter was the low point for the Continental Army. * Washington’s army stayed at Valley Forge where cold weather, malnutrition, and desertion severly hury the army. * Morale improved when daily drilling began under the leadership of Baron von Steuben, a Prussian who had volunteered to help the colonists. * As a result, the Continental Army emerged in the spring as a much tougher and more disciplined unit. Yorktown (1781) * Cornwallis decided to go to go into Virginia, where he was ordered to take a defensive position at Yorktown * He was cut off by a combination of continental forces and French troops * Cornwallis was forced to surrender to the Americans * This decisive battle ended the American Revolution in favor of the colonists Treaty of Paris (1783) * Treaty ending the American Revolution * Great Britain had to formally recognize America as an independent nation * Britain could hold on to Canada but all of the territory that they had received after the French and Indian War (between Mississippi River and Appalachain Mountains) was given to Americans * Americans also had fishing rights off the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia * British insisted that the Loyalists be treated as equal citizens State Constitutions * Once the colonies declared their independence from England, Congress encouraged the states to draft their own constitutions * Each state would draft their own constitution * Leads to the framework of the country’s constitution Legacy of American Revolution * It established the United states as a united nation and founded all the principles of liberty, equality, and freedom * Complete change of thought Unit 3 Land Ordinance of 1785 * Congress established a policy for surveying and selling western land * Acreage of Old Northwest should be sold and proceeds used to pay off national debt * The policy even provided for establishing one section of land for each town to be dedicated to a public school * Land divided into townships; township divided into 36 sect of 1 mile * Government owned 4 of the sections * One section would be sold to support public schools * Ended many boundary disputes Northwest Ordinance of 1787 * Congress passed an ordinance that set the rules of how territories would become states * Also, prohibited slavery in the northwest region * Created a source of income for congress * Encouraged orderly settlement and the formation of new states, all controlled by law * Promised settlers religious freedom and other civil rights * Did not allow Slavery in the Northwest Territory * A single governor put in charge James Madison * Fourth president of the United States * Father of the constitution * Main author of the federalist papers Articles of Confederation- Positives and Negatives * Was the legally binding document that kept the colonies together during the war and after the war * Positives: * It gave the Congress to wage/declare war * To make treaties * To have diplomatic representatives that could negotiate with other countries * Had the power to borrow money * Negatives: * Could not regulate commerce (trade) * Did not have the power to tax Shay’s Rebellion * An uprising of farmers in Massachusetts who were rebelling against high state’s taxes * The rebels forced the stoppage of the collection of the tax and they closed the debtor court * Ultimately put down by the militia of Massachusetts * Made representatives from the states realize that they didn’t have the power to raise money or put down rebellions * Worried that other rebellions would happen in other states Constitutional Convention * Delegates from every state were sent to figure out what they could do to fix the articles of confederation * When they start working on it, they realize it has to be completely replaced, which led to the U. S. Constitution U. S. Constitution * The delegates agree on a series of compromises and create the constitution which clearly set and defined how the government would be structured * The constitution was approved on September 17, 1787 Ratification Process * In order to ratify the constitution, the states had to vote on it one at a time, approving it in each of the states * 9 out of the 13 states had to ratify it * So each state held conventions to vote on the ratification of the constitution Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom * A measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting the state from officially sanctioning any religious institution therefore recognizing the freedom of worship of all faiths * It served as a model for the religion clause for the guarantee of religious freedom Bill of Rights * First 10 amendments of the constitution * Put in after the original draft was written up * They were included to protect the rights of the individual versus the power of the state The Federalist (Hamilton) * Those delegates and American, political officials who supported the constitution and a strong central government (loose interpretations) * Pro constitution Virginia Plan * Was the plan of legislature representation that favored the large states in which the number of representatives would be based on population New Jersey Plan * The small state plan for legislature representative which favored equal representation between the states; all the states would have the same number of representatives 3/5 Compromise * Compromise that determined that slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the state’s level of taxation and representation Purpose of Federalist Papers * Written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay * Pamphlets that we printed to convince the states that it was in their best interest to ratify the constitution Federalists * Those who were led by Hamilton that was in favor of the constitution * In favor of a strong central government * They believed in a loose interpretation of the constitution Antifederalists * Led by Jefferson * They were in favor in strong state’s rights * They believed in strict interpretations of the constitution Republican * Those who support a representative government * Those who supported Jefferson and later became their own party Republican Virtue/Republican * The belief in a representative government * It was your duty to participate in government Motherhood * Was the idea that the women of the revolutionary period would raise their children in an independent America and would teach them the virtues of democracy and liberty so they could become active citizens of the new republic Alexander Hamilton * Federalist * The first US Secretary of Treasury * Believes in loose interpretations of the constitution * Develops the first significant financial plan for America, in which he wants to create a national bank, pass duties and tariffs and assume the state’s debt Washington’s cabinet * Vice President John Adams * Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton * Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson * First Attorney General Edmund Randolf * Secretary of War Henry Knox Bank of the United States * Proposed by Hamilton * His financial plan called for the creation of the bank of the united states * This is where the strict/loose interpretations of the constitution was first implied * Even though that Congress did not say that they had the specific power to create a national bank, Hamilton believed that he could under the necessary and proper clause because the constitution states that Congress could do anything that was necessary to run the government * Washington agrees with his idea * The idea was to have a bank of the united states that was chartered by the federal government, but would be privately owned by stock holders * One of the main reasons to create bank was that it allowed through the bank to print money Neutrality * As Europe erupted into war with France and Great Britain, Washington proclaimed that the United States would remain neutral, not siding with either * This makes Jefferson very upset because they felt that they should have sided with France * He leaves Washington’s cabinet Farewell Address * Very famous * Basically warns against getting involved in European affairs * He also warns us against signing any entangling treaties with other European countries * Warned about the rise of parties because it could split the country * Jeffersonian- Republic was starting to start their own little party George Washington- Legacy of * As the first president of the united states, the decisions and things that he would do would set a precedent for the following presidents Unit 4 John Jay * Chief justice * Negotiated Jay’s treaty * To address the British and their impressment of American sailors and seizure of American ships * In the treaty, the British agreed to evacuate their posts and forts from the western frontier- Ohio River Valley * Narrowly passed Congress and it angered American supporters of France that gave into British demands XYZ affair * Because troubles continued to grow between France, England, and the United States, the French ships started to impress American ships as well * Adams sent a secret mission with three delegates to Paris to negotiate a peace treaty, but French ministers requested bribes just for entering the means of negotiation * The American diplomats refuse and return home very upset as to what had taken place * This led to greater conflict with Adams’ party, who were generally pro- British wanted to go to war with France Alien and Sedition Acts * Acts passed by Adams that limited what could be said against the government * Alien Act authorized the president to have the power to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in times of war * The Sedition Act made it illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or congress and it imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated this law Election of 1800 * Takes place between Adams and Jefferson * Jefferson wins * Remembered as a very famous election because it is the first time, really ever that one administration in government/ party was replaced by another one without any violence * Adams is a federalist- sitting president and loses to Jefferson who is a Republican who replaced Adams Thomas Jefferson * Third president of the united States * Author of the Declaration of Independence * Former Secretary of State * A believer in state’s rights * Strict interpretation of the constitution Aaron burr * Jefferson’s vice president who later on will conspire to seize a piece of Spanish territory to form his own country * He later challenges Hamilton over the dispute to a duel; felt that Hamilton had dishonored him because he said for people not to vote for Burr for when he ran for governor of New York John Marshall * The chief supreme court justice named/appointed to the court by Adams * Federalist judge * Serves over 30 years as chief justice Judiciary Act of 1801 * Revamped the original judiciary of 1789 * Created different levels of courts * Restricted certain appointments that the president could make Midnight judges * Group of federalist judges appointed by Adams on his last day as president Marbury vs. Madison * First supreme court case of significance * Determines that the supreme court has the right and power of judicial review Judicial Review * The supreme court has the right to review cases that challenged the constitutionality of the law Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions * Passed by the legislatures in these two states, these resolutions maintained that the Alien and Sedition Acts championed through Congress by John Adams went beyond the powers that the Constitution stated belonged to the federal government * These resolves predated that later Southern argument that individual states could “ nullify” federal laws deemed unconstitutional by the states Louisiana Purchase * The 1803 purchase of the huge Louisiana territory (from the Mississippi River out to the Rocky Mountains) from Napoleon for $15 million * This purchase made eventual westward movement possible for vast numbers of Americans Missouri Compromise * In a continued effort to maintain a balance between free and slave states, Henry Clay proposed this 1820 compromise * Admitted Maine to the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state * Stated that any part of the Louisiana Territory north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes would be non-slave territory Pinckney’s Treaty * Gave Spain free navigation of the Mississippi * Gave us access to the Mississippi River and Port of New Orleans * We gave Florida back to Spain British Orders in Council * Closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping unless they stopped at a British port first * Americans were becoming infuriated by the impressments of their seamen Embargo Act * Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe * As a result of the war between England and Napoleon’s France, America’s sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality Non- Intercourse Act * In response to the failure of France and Britain to respect the rights of American ships at sea * Authorized trade with all countries except Britain and France * Stated that trade exists with those countries as soon as they respected America’s rights as a neutral power * The British and French largely ignored this act Peaceful Coercion * To influence somebody to do something (or group of people) without using force * Example: Embargo Act War of 1812 * War between the British and Americans over British seizure of American ships, connections between the British and Native American tribes, and other tensions * Treaty ending war restored diplomatic relations between the two countries Monroe Doctrine * President James Monroe’s 1823 statement that an attack by a European state on any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be considered an attack on the United States * Monroe stated that the Western Hemisphere was the hemisphere of the United States and not of Europe * Monroe’s statement was scoffed at by certain European political leaders, especially those in Great Britain Unit 4 Summary QUICK RECAP: * During this time, a lot of people that still resent Britain because of revolutionary wars, (poor classes which are Democratic Republican) want to aid France in the French Revolution. * The U. S. is “ cut in half” and some Democratic republicans are putting pressure on George Washington saying that we need to honor our alliance with France, and the least we can do is cut off trading with Britain. * WE cannot cut off trade with Britain because the money received from trade is helping to pay off our debts. * George Washington, being the stable leader he was, wasn’t swayed by what the crowd wanted. He proclaimed neutrality, and later resigned after 8 years as president. * John Adams becomes president. French Revolution is in full swing. Due to Washington’s wishes, the U. S. will honor their neutrality until they are tested by the British. 1. Jay’s Treaty: (Washington is president) * Why: The British were attacking American merchant ships (full of cargo and innocent people) and were taking sailors on those ships hostage and forcing them to work for them (known as impressment). They do this because we are trading with the French West Indies (they are in war with the French). The British are also threatening our neutrality by giving the Indians living in forts in NW territory (next to British Canada) weapons. (These Indians were against Americans) * Who: John Jay * What: John Jay is sent to talk to Britain to try and work out something with them. It doesn’t go well because Hamilton goes behind George Washington’s and John Jay’s backs and sabotages them by telling Britain all of the United State’s economic techniques and what they will be getting out of this treaty. * Results: United States has to pay debts they owe to Britain in order for Britain to leave U. S. posts and repay cargo they got from us. (Americans will make little dolls of John Jay and will torture them by burning and hanging them) This treaty seemed like surrender to Britain. The treaty will however work in our favor because Spain makes Pinckney’s treaty as a result of this which will give us access to the Mississippi and Port of New Orleans. 2. XYZ affair: (John Adams is president) * Why: France starts to do the same thing Britain did to us because of Jay’s treaty. They think we violated the Franco- American alliance when we made this treaty with Britain. * Who: Marshall, Talleyrand, France, and the United States * What: John Adams sends 3 envoys: John Marshall (who will be chief justice eventually) and 2 others. They will go to speak to Prime Minister Talleyrand in order to sign a new treaty with France and avoid war. When the envoys get there, the envoys are bribed and are demanded to give money just to meet with Talleyrand. They were also demanded to give 32 million dollars to help fund the war. They decline. * Results: Marshall writes a letter to Adams telling him what is going on. Adams, in response, wants to expand his army, not to fight but just in case. However, he needs congress’ approval, which is half Jeffersonians. Since we need (2/3), and congress is half and half, we needed to win some Jeffersonians over. Soon, we start to capture the French ships in the Caribbean. We will be very close to war when the French sends people over to talk to use to let us know that if someone from the U. S. comes to talk to them, they will be welcomed with respect. 3. British Orders in Council: (Jefferson is president) * Why: France and Britain now reigned supreme in their elements. British of the sea, and France of the land. (British were also taking American sailors and forcing them to enlist and fight for them) * What: London issued The Orders in Council which closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping unless they stopped at a British port first. (This included Americans) In addition, the Americans were becoming infuriated by the impressments of their seamen. When a royal ship (the Leopard) confronted the U. S. ship, “ the Chesapeake”, the British captain ordered the seizure of four alleged deserters. When the American commander refused, the U. S. ship received three hits that killed 3 Americans and wounded 18. * Result: the French responded by ordering the seizure of all the vessels entering the British ports (including Americans.) Chesapeake affair: In this incident where the British were clearly wrong, and admitted it, Jefferson still clung to peace, although he could have initiated war at that point. 4. Embargo Acts: (Jefferson is president) * Why: in order to stop the British and French seizure of American ships, Jefferson resorted to an embargo His belief was that the only way to stay out of the war was to shut down shipping. America had a weak navy and army. Nations at war with Europe needed support from the U. S. (raw materials and foodstuffs) This was Jefferson’s alternative to war. He thought that if U. S. cut off all exports, the offending powers would be forced to respect its rights * What: the embargo acts forbade the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships. * Result: The American economy staggered long before the British or French did. More unemployment arose. The commerce of New England was harmed more than that of France and Britain. Illegal trade began in 1808, where people resorted to smuggling. It revived the Federalist Party (Jefferson’s Democratic republicans began to convert.) There was a complete uproar in the U. S., however, this act did allow old factories to be reopened and the real foundations of America’s industry were laid. However, due to the public’s anger, Congress ends up repealing the embargo act, and three days later, Jefferson retires. 5. Non- Intercourse Act: (Jefferson is president- is passed 3 days before his retirement) * Why: a substitute for the repealed Embargo acts * What: formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world except for Britain and France. Only lasted for 1 year. * Results: though thus watered down, economic coercion continued to be the policy of the Jeffersonians 6. Macon’s Bill #2: *Madison has become president after Jefferson leaves presidency after serving two terms. * Why: The non- intercourse act was due to expire * Who: Madison has just become president * What: To Madison’s dismay with this bill, Congress dismantled the embargo completely. This bill stated that if either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non- repealing nation. (Example: if Britain repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against France) * (Going back to the orders in council) Back then, Britain, with these orders, IMPLIED that trade restrictions would be lifted if the French decrees disappeared * In August 1810, word came out that the French would repeal their decrees if Britain lifted its Orders in Council * With this, Napoleon had no real intention of permitting unrestricted trade between America and Britain, rather, he hoped to maneuver the U. S. unto resuming its embargo against Britain. * Madison knew better than to trust Napoleon but he reasoned that seeing the U. S. trade exclusively with France would cause the British to repeal their restrictions * Madison accepts the French offer as evidence of repeal * The terms of Macon’s Bill gave the British 3 months to live up to their IMPLIED (never promised) promise by revoking the orders in council and reopening the Atlantic to neutral trade. They did not. * Results: Madison therefore had no choice but to establish the embargo solely on Britain, a decision that he knew meant the end of the U. S. neutrality and that he feared was the final step towards war. 7. War of 1812: Madison is president * Why: The British arming hostile Indians. Wanted to restore confidence in the republican experiment. * What: Madison asked Congress to declare war. (1st time congress has formal constitutional power to declare war.) Federalists were mad about this decision, however Democratic republicans in the South and West supported the war. Federalist farmers sent huge amounts of supplies and foodstuffs to Canada, enabling Britain to invade New York. (New York was the capital at the time) In a sense, America had to fight two enemies, New England and Old England. Thus divided, the barely united states plunged into armed conflict against Britain, then the world’s most powerful empire. It was an ill-fought war (army was ill-trained, ill-disciplined, and widely scattered). Canada= important battle ground in the war because British forces were weakest there * Result: learned a lesson: leading a divided and apathetic people war is not a smart move. However, Americans came out of the war with a renewed sense of nationhood. This new spirit would inspire activities ranging from protecting manufacturing to building roads to defending the authority of the federal government over the states. * Treat of Ghent: ended the war. Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. No mention was made of those grievances for which America had fought: the Indian’s menace, search and seizure, orders in council, impressments, and confiscations. 8. Monroe Doctrine: Monroe is president * Why: The British suspiciously wanted to become allies with the U. S. Adams saw this as weird and concluded that this alliance was unnecessary. The Monroe Doctrine was born when Adams won Monroe over to his way of thinking and Monroe wanted to avoid a self- denying alliance with Britain because it would hamper American expansion and it was unnecessary. * What: it incorporated a stern warning to the European powers. 1.) Noncolonization (Russia wanted to have western territory), and 2.) Nonintervention (Europe cant intervene in Latin American affairs). Monroe proclaimed, in effect, that the era of colonization in the Americas had ended and that the “ hunting season” was permanently closed. What the great powers had they might keep, but neither they nor any others old world governments could seize or otherwise acquire more American land. At the same time he trumpeted a warning against foreign intervention. He was concerned for regions of the south. Monroe directed the crowned heads of Europe to keep U. S. hated monarchial systems out of the western hemisphere. For its part, the U. S. would not intervene in the war that the Greeks were then fighting against the Turks for their independence. * Result: the monarchs of Europe were angered at Monroe’s doctrine. They were deeply offended. However, they found their hands tied and their frustrations increased their annoyance. The Doctrine did not have much contemporary significance. Monroe’s successors have ignored, revived, distorted, or expanded the original version. It was largely an expression of the post- 1812 nationalism energizing the U. S. * *With Monroe’s presidency dies the Federalist Party Domestic Policy Readings: 9. Alien and Sedition acts: * Causes: to muffle or minimize Federalist’s Jeffersonian foes. Most European immigrants were welcomed by Jeffersonians and were oppressed by Federalists. The number of Jeffersonians was increasing and the Federalists got scared and passed these acts. * Provisions: * Alien: empowered the president to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport them if imprisoned. It also raised residency requirements. * Sedition: stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. (People wouldn’t publish things against the government, which limits the freedom of speech and press in the constitution) * Results: Acts commanded popular support (not from some Jeffersonians) The Federalists scored the most sweeping victory of the entire history. Jeffersonians vowed these acts as “ abuses. ” Federalists, however, continued to abuse power and release sedition. It was not constitutional and the Supreme Court did not repeal because it was a federalist dominated Supreme Court. 10. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: * Causes: A way to refuse the Alien and Sedition acts. A way to nullify Federalist abuses and to ensure that Federalists don’t abuse their power in the future. (In fear of being prosecuted for the sedition, Jefferson and Madison wrote these secretly) * Provisions: A series of resolutions made in Virginia (Madison), and Kentucky (Jefferson). Both stressed the Compact theory, which stated that the states entered into a compact regarding their jurisdiction. The national government was the agent or creator of the states and the states were the judges of whether or not this agent had broken the compact. * Results: Most states didn’t pay attention. Did not have a huge impact. Created some confusion regarding who had authority to determine meaning of the constitution. However, these resolutions were used by the southerners to support nullification when they succeed the union. 11. Marbury vs. Madison (1803) * There is no longer a Federalist president or a Federalist majority in congress when Jefferson becomes president. However, before Adams retires, the Judiciary Act of 1801 will be passed to ensure their federalist policies be continued. The act expanded the federal court systems adding 16 new courts, which needed 16 new judges (Adams has to slect the new judges). At the time, Marshall is Adam’s secretary of state (in charge of sending papers to the new judges). Of course, Adams will appoint Federalists. However, due to some mix up (midnight judges) some commissions, including Marbury’s, are not sent. Before Adams leaves, John Jay resigns and there is now a vacant spot to be chief justice, which will be filled by Marshall. Since Marshall isn’t the secretary of state anymore, Madison (the new secretary of state) is now in charge of sending commissions. He will now try to appoint Democratic Republicans. Meanwhile, Marbury will sue Madison in Supreme Court for his position. Marshall, the new chief justice, will be in charge of this case. Marshall is very biased. Marbury wants courts to force Madison to commission him. Marshall is in a difficult position because if he orders Madison to commission Marbury, the president wont support the courts. If he doesn’t order Madison to do so, he will look weak and the court wont get respect. Marshall’s solution: says it was Madison’s job to give commissions but the court cant do anything because the law Marbury was using to sue Madison was unconstitutional. He says it isn’t in the hands of the supreme. With this result, he establishes judicial review. This gives more power to the supreme courts. Now they have the power to review federal laws and declare them unconstitutional. 12. Louisiana Purchase: * Cause: Jefferson as president wanted an agricultural society, so, he wanted to purchase more land in order to do it. Napoleonic war causes Napoleon’s need for money. He faced a lot of loss and doesn’t want us to be partners with Britain. * Provisions: Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east fo the river for a total of 10 million, tops. Instead, Napoleon offers to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana for a bargain of 15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire. This decision was also made because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain. Jefferson tries to write an amendment (he is a strict constitutionalist and nowhere does it say that the president can purchase land) Federalists were against it (more agriculture means less federalist power) The U. S. purchases Louisiana from France after declaring that if they didn’t get it, they would make an alliance with Britain. After hearing this, Napoleon sold Louisiana to us. * Results: America secured the western half of the richest river valley in the world, and laid the foundation of a future major power. 13. Missouri Compromise: First state to come out of new territory and they wanted to come in as a slave state. If it does come in as a slave state, it will break the existence of a perfect balance between slave states and non- slave states. Although Missouri in the end was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30’ line the southern boundary of Missouri. * Sectional tensions between the North and the South came to a boil when Missouri wanted to become a slave state. Although it met all the requirements of becoming a state, the House of Representatives stymied the plans for its statehood when it proposed the Tallmadge Amendment, which provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri (this was shot down in the Senate). Angry southerners saw this as a threat figuring that if the Northerners could wipe out slavery in Missouri, they might try to do so in all of the rest of the slave states. Finally, the deadlock was broken by a bundle of compromises. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, this maintaining the balance (it went from 11 free states and 11 slave states to 12 and 12). All new states north of the 36-30 line would be free and new southward would be slave. Both North and South gained something, and though neither was totally happy, the compromise worked for many years. Monroe should have been doomed after the 1819 panic and the Missouri problem, but he was so popular, and the Federalist Party was so weak, that he won in 1820 by all but one vote (unanimity was reserved for Washington). Trick: Justin’s Xfactor Audition in Virginia Might Look Odd. Even Non Mexicans Want Missouri’s Monkeys. Trick: Justin’s Xfactor Audition in Virginia Might Look Odd. Even Non Mexicans Want Missouri’s Monkeys. Timeline for Unit 4: 14. Jay’s Treaty……………………………. 15. XYZ Affair…………………………….. 16. Alien and Sedition Acts………………… 17. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions…… 18. Marbury v. Madison…………………… 19. Louisiana Purchase…………………….. 20. Orders in Council……………………… 21. Embargo Act…………………………… 22. Non- Intercourse Act…………………… 23. Macon’s Bill #2………………………… 24. War of 1812……………………………. 25. Missouri Compromise…………………. 26. Monroe Doctrine………………………. Unit 5 Louisiana Purchase * See notes^ Manifest Destiny * Term first used n the 1840s, the concept that America’s expansion westward was as journalist John O’Sullivan said, “ the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions” Tariff of 1816 * An extremely protectionist tariff designed to assist new American industries in the aftermath of the War of 1812 * This tariff raised import duties by nearly 25% Adams-Onis Treaty * Treaty in which we receive Florida from the Spanish * Also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty * Spain ceded Florida, as well as Oregon, in exchange for America’s abandonment of Texas and Mexico McCullough v. Maryland * Marshall was the chief justice. * Ruling: “ loose” interpretations; the federal government had the implied power to create the bank; the state could not tax a federal institution because the power to tax is the power to destroy and federal laws are supreme to state laws. Congress has the power to create a national bank if there is no clause that they can’t in the constitution. * Maryland wanted to tax the national bank. If the states had the power to tax the national bank then the national bank would be destroyed because people deposit money into the bank. * Contributions to sectionalism: northern federalists are pleased because this strengthens the federal government. * South: decrease control in government because most are for states rights * This benefits the north because they were mostly merchants and investors who benefitted from the national bank. Missouri Compromise * Notes Election of 1824 * Lack of electoral majority for presidency throws election into House of Representatives Corrupt bargain * Jackson accused John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay for conspiring to get Adams the presidency John Quincy Adams * From Massachusetts * Highly intelligent, experienced, and aloof Andrew Jackson * From Tennessee * The gaunt and gusty hero of New Orleans William Henry Harrison * Ninth president of the United States * American military officer and politician * First president to die in office John Tyler * Tenth president of the United States * A native of Virginia * Served as a state legislator, governor, U. S. representative, and U. S. senator before being elected Vice President in 1840 James Polk * 11th president * North Carolina * Later lived in and represented Tennessee Zachary Taylor * 12th president * American military leader * Ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass Millard Filmore * 13th president * Last member of the Whig party to hold the office of president * Zachary Taylor’s vice president Tariff of 1824 * Tariff imposed to protect American manufacturing and industry from foreign competition Tariff of Abomination * 1828 * Really upset the south especially John C. Calhoun * Raised the tariff on imported goods Tariff of 1832 * The final increase * Led to Calhoun writing the South Carolina Exposition South Carolina Exposition * Jackson issued a proclamation against South Carolina and the government * They only avoid conflict because the great compromise steps in again. Henry Clay is now in Senate He negotiated the Missouri compromise * 1832: Clay proposed a compromise tariff that would lower rates by about 10 percent over 8 years, so that by 1842 the tariff rates would be back to where it began in 1816. This became known as the compromise tariff of 1833. Barely squeezed through Congress. Congress also forces the force bill. This bill authorized the president to use the army and navy if necessary to collect federal tariffs from states. The president did have the power to use the military to collect the tariffs. * Avoided secession. Nullification and Secession * The states had the right to nullify a law and ultimately secede from the Union if they wanted to if the federal government passed laws that the state’s thought were unconstitutional Texas Revolution, Stephen Austin (leader of the Texas- agreement with Americans to move into Texas), Santa Anna (Mexican Army) * After the Mexicans get their independence from Spain. Oregon to east Texas. Texas was partially populated. Encouraged Americans to settle in Texas. They could have land for free or very cheap but had to agree to become Mexican citizens and had to be loyal to the Mexican government. At first this wasn’t a big deal, and they were lead by Stephen F. Austin. Led the Americans. Came in 1823. And by 1830 there were over 300 families from America in Texas and they actually outnumbered the Mexicans from about 3 to 1. At first everything was fine, but most of these American families came from the south so they brought their slaves over. In 1829, Mexico outlaws slavery, which now becomes the big issue. Problems between Mexicans and Texans. The Texans declare their independence from Mexico. The Mexican government led by Santa Anna, he leads the Mexican army into Texas and attacks the Texans. Kill all the Americans there in that fort. In a very short war, the Texans from the help of the Americans capture the fort and declare Texas as an independent Republic. From 1837 until 1845, Texas is like its own country. Lone Star. Texans wanted to become part of the United States, but didn’t want to admit it as a slave state because it was so big. So this became an issue for the next 7 years. Polk wins the election of 1844. Texas was admitted as a slave state. For a short term there was an imbalance. The Mexicans still had the issue of the Texans still being independent so Polk uses this to start the Mexico- American war. Sam Houston * One of the leaders of the Texans who helped defeat Santa Anna and helped Texas get its independence Nicholas Trist * The actual diplomat who negotiated the treaty of Guadeloupe- Hidalgo Nueces River * The original boundary of Texas and the Americans wanted it to be the Rio Grande but the Mexicans wanted it to be still called the Nueces River Rio Grande * Lies between Texas and Mexico * What the Americans call the boundary Mexican- American War * War fought over possession of Texas * The settlement ending this war gave the United States the northern part of Texas territory and the territories of New Mexico and California Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo * Ended the Mexican- American war negotiated by Nicholas Trist Wilmot Proviso- David Wilmot * A bill passed by a Virginian congressman * Issue of slavery from Mexican- American war * Territory dispute= what happens with slavery * Wilmot proposed the bill that would forbid slavery in any territory that we would possibly acquire from Mexico * It passed in the House of Representatives twice but the Senate shot it down * Kind of the beginning of the movement toward the Civil War * The Mexican American war leads to issue of land. Compromise of 1850, California * California had enough citizens to apply for statehood * Population was so big that they could pass territory stage * Drafted a constitution- prohibited slavery in their state constitution * Delicate balance in the senate- not just free and slave states * The south was looking pretty well n terms of government because there a majority in terms of the number of cabinet positions. * Had a majority in the Supreme court- the south. 15 southern states could easily veto * Cotton prices were very high and continued to expand * The south was doing pretty well economically. * With California pushing in to become a state, it brought up again the issue of slavery. Immortal trio- Henry Clay, Calhoun, and Webster. Included new prominent politicians in American: Douglas and Seward. * Clay played the most important role as the Great Compromiser. Balancing against Calhoun’s views and Webster were able to negotiate and pass a series of compromises that collectively is referred to the Compromise of 1850. * Concessions to the North: Admit California as a free state. Territory disputed between Texas and New Mexico would be surrendered to New Mexico, and they would abolish the slave trade in Washington D. C. * Concessions to the South: The rest of the territory acquired from Mexico would become New Mexico and Utah. The issue of slavery would be distinguished by popular sovereignty. * Texas was to receive 10 million dollars as compensation for giving up claims to New Mexico * Most important thing for the South was a stricter fugitive slave law was passed * Reactions: the south was pacified about it even though they got the worst part of the deal because by admitting California as a free state they lost the balance and equality in the senate. They also gave up a huge tract of land that used to allow slavery. Also, through popular sovereignty, the chances of the new territory would end up being “ free soil. ” The northern anti- slavery people realized that the new fugitive slave law would require them to forcibly return runaway slaves to the south. Some of the aspects of the fugitive slave laws was that runaway slaves could not testify on their behalf, could not get a jury trial, and the federal commissioners who handled each case got five dollars if the slaves were freed and 10 dollars if they were returned. * Election of 1852- slavery became an issue will break the Whigs party up into two * Split was a foreshadowing of the civil war coming * It led to the expansionist and virtually unknown candidate Franklin Peirce to win the election * Peirce had his eyes on Nicaragua and Cuba. This ends up showing itself in a document called the Ostend Manifesto which was issued by Polk’s secretary of state. Called for America to offer 20 million dollars for Cuba and if Spain refused, it said that America would be justified in wrestling the island from Spain. * The document led to all kinds of protest from Northerners once it was leaked because Cuba was viewed as one large slave holding sugar plantation and because of the public’s scrutiny, Polk was forced to drop his plan. * Peirce was determined during the election to bring back the idea of acquiring Cuba. Gadsden Purchase * With California and Oregon now part of the United States, they were really isolated from the main continental united states. Both were over 3, 000 miles from Washington D. C. They want to connect the pacific to the east and the only way they can do this is by building railroads. * The south, one of the southern connections to the pacific, wanted to be able to ship their cotton to the pacific like Asia * In 1853, the Gadsden purchase was made. It paid 10 million dollars to Mexico for a small strip of property/ land that would extend the U. S. border between Texas and California. The reason why they picked this land was because the strip had been surveyed that it would be the best railroad going west. The north wanted a transcontinental railroad as well so it could connect its factories and large population centers to the west. * One of the issues between the north and the south, the south would run through territory that was all part of the united states so it would be easier to defend. Because of this, northern railroad interest led by Steven Douglas, called for the organization of the Nebraska territory so they could run a railroad from Chicago through the Nebraska territory all the way to San Francisco. * Political side: any northern railroad would need southern support to pass in congress so Steven Douglas proposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854. This act called for the Nebraska territory to be divided into two territories. Kansas and Nebraska. Each territory would be admitted to the union based on popular sovereignty. Decide their own fate in whether they would be slave or not. * By doing this, they anticipated that Kansas would end up choosing to be a slave and Nebraska as a free. By passing the Kansas Nebraska act, Congress ultimately repealed the Missouri compromise because the Missouri compromise had stated that no territory north of the 36/30 parallel could be a slave state. The act passed despite the heated debate and in doing so, it opened the door for the civil war. * Broke earlier compromises that kept the balance between the free and slave states being admitted to the union. Ostend Manifesto * Attempt by Franklin Pierce to acquire Cuba Cuba * They wanted to bring in Cuba as a potential slave state Popular Sovereignty * The people of the land vote Abolition * To outlaw slavery Fugitive Slave Law * Part of the Compromise of 1850, this legislation set up special commissions in Northern states to determine if an accused runaway slave really was one; according to regulations, after the verdict, commissioners were given more money if the accused was found to be a runaway than if he or she was found not to be one * Some Northern legislatures passed laws attempting to circumvent the Fugitive Slave Law Underground Railroad * A network of safe houses throughout the south to help runaway slaves escape to the north Harriet Tubman * One of the conductors/ leaders of the underground railroad * Helped runaway slaves escape to the north Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe * This was a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. She was the daughter of Lyman Beecher who had been a leader during the second great awakening and was also a leading activist in the abolitionist movement. * It was a novel about the conflict that existed between a black slave and his white owner. The white owner was brutal and took place in the south. It served a very important purpose even though it was more propaganda that anything else because it painted southern slave society in a cruel and inhumane way. * Stowe had never been to the south and the account in the book is fictitious, but became the best selling book in the 1850s. * Later on when Stowe met president Lincoln, he told her jokingly that she was the one who started the war. Kansas- Nebraska Act * 1854 compromise legislation crafted by Stephen Douglas that allowed the settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide if those territories would be slave or free * Bill caused controversy and bloodshed throughout these territories; in the months before the vote in Kansas, large numbers of “ settlers” moved in to influence the vote, and after the vote (won by pro- slavery forces), violence between the two sides intensified Rise of Republican Party * Emerged out of the northern Whigs, anti-slavery democrats, and other opponents of slavery * It was an immediate response to the Kansas- Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas * By the spring of 1855, they were going to hold an election to decide on the territorial legislature. * Right before the elections, about 5, 000 Missourians moved in so they could vote. The vote was held, and a pro-slavery legislature was elected. They would create a pro-slavery constitution. * At the same time, anti- slavery settlers elected their own legislature, made their own constitution, and elected their own governor. * Kansas really was the Civil War before the Civil War. * During this time, the northerners established their head quarters in Laurence, Kansas. * Two sides are at odds. Southerners from Missouri, outlaws, came into Kansas. They were known as border ruffians. * In May 1856, 800 southerners attacked Laurence, Kansas and burned homes, newspaper offices, and the home of the governor of the anti- slavery people. Kansas basically erupts into a war. * Southerners had their head quarters at Lecompton, Kansas. Dred Scott Decision * Scott was a slave who had accompanied his owner to the free state of Illinois as well as spending some free time in Wisconsin. Later returned back to Missouri where his owner died. When his owner died, he sued for his freedom in 1846 on the grounds that his time spent living in the north had made him a free man. There were precedents for this law. If a slave had been taken to a free state, by Missouri law, they were granted their freedom. The lower court, also known as a circuit court, gave him his freedom. The brother of the original owner of Dred Scott appealed the case to a federal court. In went all the way to the Supreme Court where Roger Taney was chief justice and the court ruled that he was to be returned to Missouri and into slavery, returning to be the slave of his master’s brother. The vote was 6 to 3. He was returned to slavery. Taney said that Scott was not a citizen and had no right to sue. Congress did not have the power to ban slavery under the constitution because slaves are property protected under the Fifth Amendment. As a result, the Missouri Compromise was always unconstitutional. Missouri Compromise states that you could not have slavery above the 36, 30 parallel line. Southern whites are very happy with this decision. Northerners are furious. The president at the time, Buchanan, felt that slavery existed in all of the territories by virtue of the constitution. The constitution protected property and property was protected by the constitution. It allows for legal ownership of slavery in territories. Harper’s Ferry * It was an armory that is rated by abolitionist and anti- slavery proponent John Brown. Brown was involved with the things that happened with Kansas. He raids Harper’s Ferry in 1859 with his sons and several other abolitionists. There were 18 of them in total. The idea was to raid the armory and steal the guns and ammunition and give them to slaves so they could fight back. A slave uprising never happens. Robert E. Lee who was commanding the marines lays siege to Harper’s Ferry and after a two-day stand off, John Brown and the 6 surviving members of his group were arrested/ captured, tried, convicted, and hung in Virginia. John Brown’s death makes him a martyr for the anti- slavery abolitionists in the north. Brown has been known for standing up to the government and is known as an American martyr. Before the election of 1860 when Lincoln becomes president. Moderate northerners didn’t like what Brown did because they viewed it as breaking the law and saw him as a mercenary. Lincoln said that he was wrong for doing that because you can’t force people to change by illegal means. Lincoln- Douglas Debates * Takes place in Illinois. Focuses on the main issue of slavery. Both were fighting to get the Senate seat in Illinois. Douglas embraced or backed the idea of popular sovereignty. Lincoln rebutted by saying that Douglas’ ideas of popular sovereignty were a middle ground on slavery. You couldn’t have a middle ground on slavery because it was morally wrong and that the government could not exist the way it had up to then as half slave and half free. Lincoln’s run against Douglas makes him a national figure. Douglas on the other hand, was opposed to citizenship for blacks. The government was made for white men and the benefit of white men. And although he was against slavery, he wasn’t in favor of equality. Douglas wins the election but the debates make Lincoln a national figure. 2 years later, Lincoln wins the election. “ A house divided, cannot stand. ” This quote is the most famous quote by Lincoln. Lincoln focused specifically on the fact that if blacks were granted basic rights, then how would immigrants get basic rights. Freeport Doctrine * Put forth by Douglas * Slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass and enforce slave code laws that maintained or supported it Election of 1860 * Four parties ran candidates for the election of 1860. The Republicans run Abraham Lincoln. The northern democrats run Stephen Douglas. The southern democrats run John Breckinridge. The no- nothings (party formed out of the Whigs) and some modern left out of the Democratic Party, “ The Constitutional Union Party” is what they were called. They run John Bell. Lincoln was chosen because he’s was a moderate, he had a very strong moral stance against slavery which made him acceptable to abolitionist, he didn’t really associate really with nativist and he was able to associate with the immigrants. Republican Party platform: they believed in no extension of slavery, believed in protective tariff to get the support of the northern industrialist, they did not want to cut the rights of immigrants, they wanted to use government aid to build the pacific railroad, and they also believed in internal improvements overall and free land for the public moving in to the west to promote farming. Lincoln will win a majority of the electoral votes even though he only wins 39% of the popular vote because all 4 candidates split up the vote. He will also win without winning a single southern state. He did however win the entire north except for New Jersey, which split the electoral votes. The election is important because it is the last real sign that the south is not going to be viewe